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From one point of view, there are as many types of
cancer as there are different people, because everyone's genes are
different and so no two cancers are exactly alike.
From another point of view, there are as many
different types of cancer as there are different types of human cell -
just over 200.
However, cancers can be broadly grouped into
different types, depending on which tissues they come from.
- Carcinomas, the most common
types of cancer, arise from the cells that cover external and internal
body surfaces. Lung, breast, and colon are the most frequent cancers
of this type.
- Sarcomas are cancers arising
from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone,
cartilage, fat, connective tissue and muscle.
- Lymphomas are cancers that
arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system.
- Leukaemias are cancers of the
immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to
accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream.
- Adenomas are tumours that come
from glandular tissue like the thyroid, the pituitary gland the
adrenal gland. They are often benign.
These terms often have prefixes that describe
exactly what type of cell the cancer originated from. For example, an
osteosarcoma is a cancer of the bone.
- Adeno- = gland
- Chondro- = cartilage
- Erythro- = red blood cell
- Haemangio- = blood vessels
- Hepato- = liver
- Lipo- = fat
- Lympho- = white blood cell
- Melano- = pigment cell
- Myelo- = bone marrow
- Myo- = muscle
- Osteo- = bone
Since the first draft of human genome was
published in 2002, a huge international effort began to classify all the
genes involved in cancer. One day soon, doctors may be able to do a
quick genetic test on a patient's tumour to determine exactly what genes
have gone wrong. They could use this information to work out precisely
the right treatment to give the patient, and saving even more lives than
they do already.
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